READING WRITING AND ARITHMATIC

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The three Rs (as in the letter R)^[1] are three basic skills taught in schools: reading, writing and arithmetic (usually said as "reading, writing, and 'rithmetic"). The phrase appears to have been coined at the beginning of the 19th century.

The term has also been used to name other triples (see Other uses).

Some of the greatest mathematical minds of all ages, from Pythagoras and Euclid in ancient Greece, through the medieval Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa and the Renaissance astronomer Johannes Kepler, to present-day scientific figures such as Oxford physicist Roger Penrose, have spent endless hours over this simple ratio and its properties. ... Biologists, artists, musicians, historians, architects, psychologists, and even mystics have pondered and debated the basis of its ubiquity and appeal. In fact, it is probably fair to say that the Golden Ratio has inspired thinkers of all disciplines like no other number in the history of mathematics.[14]

The skills themselves are alluded to in St. Augustine's Confessions: Latin: ...legere et scribere et numerare discitur 'learning to read, and write, and do arithmetic'.^[2]

The phrase is sometimes attributed to a speech given by Sir William Curtis circa 1807: this is disputed.^[3][4][5] An extended modern version of the three Rs consists of the "functional skills of literacy, numeracy and ICT".^[6]

The educationalist Louis P. Bénézet preferred "to read", "to reason", "to recite", adding, "by reciting I did not mean giving back, verbatim, the words of the teacher or of the textbook. I meant speaking the English languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_three_Rs#Origin_and_meaning

— The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number

The Archimedean spiral (also known as the arithmetic spiral) is a spiral named after the 3rd-century BC Greek mathematician Archimedes. It is the locus corresponding to the locations over time of a point moving away from a fixed point with a constant speed along a line that rotates with constant angular velocity. Equivalently, in polar coordinates (r, θ) it can be described by the equation

$$

with real numbers a and b. Changing the parameter a moves the centerpoint of the spiral outward from the origin (positive a toward θ = 0 and negative a toward θ = π) essentially through a rotation of the spiral, while b controls the distance between loops.

From the above equation, it can thus be stated: position of particle from point of start is proportional to angle θ as time elapses.

Archimedes described such a spiral in his book On Spirals. Conon of Samos was a friend of his and Pappus states that this spiral was discovered by Conon

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